Obesity American Culture Obesity - 997 Words

Mark Loftus Prof. Downie ENG 102 21 February 2016 Obesity in American Culture Obesity plays an undeniable role in today s culture. Many factors such as increased meal size, food being advertised more often, lack of physical activity required for jobs, technology becoming a necessity in everyday life hindering activity, and unhealthy food being available at almost every corner of the streets. Ethnic backgrounds also play a role in obesity. Growing up I dealt with being overweight and had to make major changes in order to get to my goal. I have also watched family members and friends during my life succumb to the new normality of American culture that has begun to deteriorate their lives, bringing harm not only to themselves but those who care for them. I want to help educate those based off my first hand experience in the subject. I have a substantial belief that today s Culture is the root cause of obesity. In the article, titled â€Å"Genes Are Not Destiny†, it begins by describing the fact genes do play a role in obe sity but then goes on to describe the immense impact of the environment around us and how genes remain fairly stable for generations preventing an increase of the likelihood of obesity through genetics. This is important because it helps emphasizes cultures role in the drastic increase of obesity across America. Cultural influences have a big impact on a child s upbringing, from breast feeding to what food should and should not be eaten.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Obesity On American Culture1657 Words   |  7 Pages There are many trends in American society ranging from popular dance moves to political opinions. Some of them are beneficial and improve the society as a whole, such as the increasing popularity in clean energy. However, there are some on the rise that are not as beneficial, such as American obesity. America is not the only country that faces issues with obesity, but the US has the highest ranking in the world for the total number of people who are overweight. In September of 2014 it was shownRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On The American Culture982 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity is an important issue in the American culture because of the staggering results that this disease has reached in the past years. Certain gene factors connected with the change of culture and lifestyle has produced kids and adults who are now not as healthy as most people were just a few decades ago. The widespread of obesity has been the biggest result of these specific changes. This was a great topic to research, considering I have worked with children before in sports and otherRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity : A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans930 Words   |  4 Pagesof adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic in my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware of their addiction to fast food a nd the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesity will continue to spread, and health problems will keep skyrocketing. The food accepted in the American culture is another factor contributing to the nation’sRead MoreObesity : A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans966 Words   |  4 PagesObesity can be defined as someone who has excess body weight than what is considered healthy. Many individuals are unaware that more than third or 35.7 percent of adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic to my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware to their addiction to fast food and the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesityRead MoreThe Aspect Of American Culture1364 Words   |  6 Pages Aspect of American Culture The culture of a people is basically their way of life. Therefore, there is much logic in the deduction that culture shapes the mind of the society. Ethan Watters’ presents this idea in a rather great manner in his piece ‘Being Weird. Through the text, Watters largely blames the culture of the society for most of the major issues that have to be faced. In essence, what is greatly concurred with in the author’s postulation is that Westernization, as a result of the WesternRead MoreEnvironmental Influences On Childhood Obesity1717 Words   |  7 PagesSocial? Obesity has become a large and dark reality in United States. For someone who does not have sociological imagination being overweight is the result of bad personal choices or genetic predisposition. (Crosnoe) Cultural beliefs and practices related to food and feeding vary among ethnic groups, and these differences may contribute to different patterns of obesity in children and youth, related to their ethnicity . As described in the epidemiological overview show higher than average obesity prevalenceRead MoreWeight On Obesity1551 Words   |  7 PagesAll the Weight on Our Shoulders America is in danger; this rising threat is obesity, which is growing as the leading cause of preventable deaths just behind tobacco. Throughout its history, America has seen many different conflicts and threats rise and fall and with each threat. Each generation has risen to the challenge time and time again. Now, it’s the new age generation’s turn to do the same. Obesity is a significant problem and it must be curbed or it will crush us under its weight. As the citizensRead MoreObesity : A Health Concern For A Lot Of People Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesConcern Overweight and obesity is a health concern for a lot of people in America especially African Americans. Obesity is more prevalent in the African American culture. In today’s society, there are a lot of African American children and teens that are obese due to the unhealthy foods they consume and lack of physical activity. This is a concern because overweight children are more likely to be obese as adults. Research suggest that the growing rate of childhood obesity is steadily increasing nationwideRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Children And Non Minority Children1490 Words   |  6 PagesObesity in America is a very popular issue that has been addressed countless times. America is given the title of being lazy and fat from other people in other countries. As much fun as it is poking at useless stereotypes, it is still a very serious issue plaguing the minority children of America. Why are minority children more likely to become overweight than non-minority children? Is it based solely on genetics or are other factors involved? Not many parents are aware of their children’s increasing

Compare and Contrast the works Of Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth Free Essays

Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth are the two poets mentioned in the title. Even though both wrote on corresponding topics of people and landscape, the two poets approach their writing with a much different mentality. RS Thomas takes a more realistic and down to earth view. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast the works Of Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth or any similar topic only for you Order Now His poems are often cut straight to the point, whereas William Wordsworth uses romance and exaggerated beauty. His poems focus on the positive side of life. He is also a very patriotic man and in many of his poems you can witness this. RS Thomas is a practical man. Probably because of the way Thomas lived and the different period in which he wrote. RS Thomas is more representative of the 20th century whereas William Wordsworth is representative of the 18th and 19th centuries. William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, and educated at St John’s College, Cambridge University. He developed a keen love of nature as a youth, and during school holidays he frequently visited places prominent for their scenic beauty. The love of such things may have led him to become one of the most influential romantic poets’. RS Thomas was a vicar, rector of Manafon. He was separated from the world in a parish near Newton in Wales. Much of his work is set in Wales, his birthplace. It was here were Thomas found most of his peasants’ tough, oppressive, narrow men. RS Thomas hardened, and his mode of thought reflected into his poetry. The first poems I am going to compare are â€Å"Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"A day in autumn† by RS Thomas. In the first poem â€Å"Westminster Bridge† you can tell from the first line that Wordsworth was a romanticist. â€Å"Earth has not any thing to show more fair:† He is saying that this is the most radiant and beautiful place on the earth. He finds so much passion in the sight that he goes as far to insult a person that could walk past such a noteworthy scene with out admiring it. † Dull would be of soul who could pass by.† In the poem he expresses a feeling of gratitude and exuberance. He makes you feel this with the words he uses for example, â€Å"fair, majesty, beauty, bright, splendour, calm and sweet.† All these point to the romanticist that he is. The main impression the poem conveys is that one of peace, stillness and admiration. â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will.† The way he talks of the sun waking up over the city and the river just gives you a sense of time and tranquillity. It just slows the whole poem down and then brings it to a stop. There is a rhyming scheme employed within this poem. It goes: a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, c, d. It suits the poems theme as the repeated rhyming with the breaks give a sustained effect. The sudden change into the new c, d, c, d scheme is like the feeling of the first light. â€Å"Never did the sun more beautifully steep.† It does suit the theme of the poem. At the end Wordsworth says†¦ † And all that the mighty heart is lying still!† The heart is what I am referring to. The last part is like a heart beat, as he Rhymes it one after the other. The rhythm is the finally explained at the end (the quote above). William Wordsworth uses many styles of imagery to paint the representation of London in our minds. In the line†¦ â€Å"The city now doth like a garment Wear, the beauty of the morning.† Wordsworth uses the simile to pretend the city is wearing the morning. He is saying that when he sees it, it suits it. It looks good. This is also a form of personification wearing is something a human does. He referred to the sun with his; he is therefore showing respect. He also mentioned the river as a ‘his’; using personification brings it to life and making it more intense. â€Å"In his first splendour† And â€Å"The river glideth at his Own sweet will.† He is so struck by the sight he exclaims â€Å"Dear God! † Then he uses another piece of personification to make the calmness more obvious. The river flowing slowly and the houses are being asleep. He then uses a metaphor on the last line. † And all that the mighty heart Is lying still.† This is a significant piece of imagery brought out with this metaphor. The heart is one of the most important organs in the body. It supplies the rest of the body with blood and keeps us alive. In the same way London, England is the compared to the heart as it ‘pulses’ sending the economy and exports in terms of finance to the rest of the world. If this, the main part was to stop then so would the world. That is how patriotic and nationalistic he is. The effects of imagery that he used have all been employed effectively to give the poem its picturesque beauty, which seems to last forever and shows no evidence of ever coming to an end unlike RS Thomas’s poem. The next poem is a Day in autumn by RS Thomas. As soon as you read the first line the mood is set. Right there, and right to the point. â€Å"It will not always be like this.† It states a theme of something not lasting forever. The example in the poem is that the magnificence of autumn being replaced by the asperity and harshness of winter. A message that you should not take anything for granted, that you must cherish it while it is there. † Let the mind take its photograph† The emotion that I sense from the poem is anxiety, still enjoying it while its there but then being worried of its end. â€Å"Of the bright scene, something to wear Against the heart in the long cold.† Thomas does not use any of the poetic effects apart from personification where he says â€Å"To the trees’ shoulders.† This has been applied well making the tree and its elegance stronger, and making the gold and such points of autumn’s beauty alive. These are the landscape poems and you can see the difference of styles used. These differences will be concluded at the end. The next poems are on the subject of people. William Wordsworth called this poem â€Å"The solitary reaper,† He has put across an image of a young girl singing and working in some open fields. This at once does feel like a merry and joyous time. Even though the work is strenuous, she’s still singing. â€Å"Reaping and singing by herself:† And † And sings a melancholy strain.† The atmosphere we get from the poem is one of peace and serenity. If in such a big valley the sound can be heard how silent must it be? Very quiet. That is what gives that tranquil affect. † O Listen! For the vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.† The tune is welcome to anyone. The travellers that come, nothing will break her peace even the birds. â€Å"More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt,† The song she sings means so much to him that he keeps it in his heart so it lasts forever even though he doesn’t hear it again. â€Å"The music in my heart I bore Long after it was heard no more.† The poem has not been structured with the use if the imagery effects but the diction of the poet gives you the clear under standing of the poem. When reading between the lines you see that doing your work happily and carefree creates an easy to work-in atmosphere. The next poem is â€Å"Tramp† by RS Thomas. The title is all ready enough to tell you that this is a morose and sad poem. It creates an atmosphere of tension, whether you help him or don’t. The anxiety of his whereabouts. You also can feel sympathy for the tramp. He is ashamed to look into the face of those he begs from. â€Å"He looks at his feet, I look at the sky.† For the person he is begging from the sky ids the limit. He can move along with the new technologies. He can learn more things and become part of the civilising. But the tramp†¦he has nothing. â€Å"Over us the planes build The shining rafters Of that New World.† But then at night you sleep in your bed and you can be afraid of losing what you have. But the tramp he can dream peacefully. He has nothing to lose. â€Å"My dreams are haunted Are his dreams rich?† He uses personification when he says the planes ‘build’. Also there is some alliteration when he says, † On his way-where?† This makes the question stick out in your mind, you just think ‘way-where?’ Where is the tramp to go, what can he do with his life? The poet questions you. This makes the poem more deep and intense. In the end you can certainly tell the difference in character and reasoning these men have. Wordsworth, tee more airy and dreamy poet for Thomas however quite the contrast with his level headed and solemn approach. How to cite Compare and Contrast the works Of Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth, Papers

research paper Essay Example For Students

research paper Essay The Black Table is Still There By: Lawrence Otis Graham Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior By: Amy Chua A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun By: Linda M. Hasselstrom Who Killed Benny Paret? By: Norman Cousins Due Date: December 4, 2013 Salaam Williams Harcum College English 102 Girl (Fiction) By: Jamaica Kincaid What are the duties of a woman (or a man) in your family? In my household, there is only supposed to be my mother and me but surprisingly it is not. There are four people who actively reside in my household. The four people hat live in the home are my mom, my moms boyfriend, my moms friend and l. The United States today is far different from the country newly become independent in 1776. At the birth of the Republic, an underlying layer of strong religious beliefs shaped the attitudes of the population. People were more sure of their moral standards and values, and they understood that these ideals were certainly more important than any single man. As an example of the importance placed in beliefs, the coin still bears the motto In God We Trust. On every dollar bill the great seal of the United States reads Annuit C?pits (He has Our Undertakings). Also, on the great seal the olive branch and the arrows held in the eagles talons reflect both the nations commitment to peace and its willingness to fight if necessary. These all symbolize the importance of fighting for ones beliefs. Yet modern Americans rarely think about the phrases on the money the handle daily, and few understand why the founding fathers put them there. Few actually believe that the Deity takes a particular inte rest in their country. In the nineteenth century, science became a rival of and then victor over religion. Beliefs and values became obsolete as an increasing demand for facts and reality arose. The intervening centuries have seen to many changes in the surrounding world to leave intact the ideas the words express. The importance of mans firm values and beliefs have become less important as an understanding of man and of his role in the universe has emerged. Man used to play the central role in a divine cosmic drama. His ideas were certainly worth dying for since the divine intention had the universe created with the deliberate purpose of providing man with a stage on which to play his part in a life eternal. Now science has reduced him to an insignificant point in space. Successive discoveries in physics, astronomy, geology, and biology revealed the ancient age of the earth and the immense spaces of the universe within which the is but a tiny speck. Far from being the purpose of creation, man is now only an insignificant, quite recent, occupant of a small planet in one of many solar systems floating about in the unimaginable distances of immense galaxies. Man now realizes himself as but one of many beings, a product of a blind process of natural selection, a species like others that briefly passes across the face of the spinning globe. Contemporary Americans, like our ancestors of 1776, still feel the will to believe. They long avidly to find a purpose in life in general and in their existence as a people in particular. But, unlike our ancestors, we are by no means clear to what we can believe. The men that believed in the Declaration of Independence had taken up arms, they said, to defend certain natural and unalienable rights, with which all men, created free and equal, had been endowed by their Creator. Among those rights were those to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and history has taught us that many men died for their belief in these rights. Fahrenheit 451 (563 words) EssayModern Americans are no longer visionaries and have no great mission. We are now a nation of consumers. Now the use of leisure time has become an important status symbol for many Americans. Americans have responded to changing times by withdrawal from society. Why need have a cause when you can have I Love Lucy on a fifty-inch television sitting in your oversized recliner? There is no longer an effort towards, but rather an outright rejection of prevailing cultural values and life-styles. This is fabricated as the exclusive residential suburb which constitutes an effort to establish a sanctuary from the problems of the outside world. As once problems were sought in order to be fixed, even where sacrifice was necessary, they are now avoided and ignored. People are now afraid to sacrifice and are uncertain of values. The materialism of modern culture and the nationwide decline in moral standards has left man pondering, What should I die for, when I am unsure of what to live for?Category: English

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay The Rise of Communism in RussiaUnless we accept the claim that Lenins coup gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s? (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, w ho were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay on The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Socialism, of which ?Marxism-Leninism? is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a ?congress? of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate ?legal Marxist? group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his ?hard? philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label ?Bolshevik? (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the ?soft? or more democratic position became known as the ?Mensheviks? or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group of revolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denounced the otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand of Marxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevik faction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviks factional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from the Bolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postImageUrl , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:visited , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active { border:0!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dinosaurs (1032 words) Essay On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The army generals reported that it would be pointless to send in any more troops, because they would only join in with the other rioters. The frustrated tsar responded by stepping down from power, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty (Farah, 580). With the tsar out of power, a new provisional government took over made up of middle-class Duma representatives. Also rising to power was a rival government called the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies consisting of workers and peasants of socialist and revolutionary groups. Other soviets formed in towns and villages all across the country. All of the soviets worked to push a three-point program which called for an immediate peas, the transfer of land to peasants, and control of factories to workers. But the provisional government stood in conflict with the other smaller governments and the hardships of war hit the country. The provisional government was so busy fighting the war that they neglected the social problems it faced, losing much needed support (Farah, 580). The Bolsheviks in Russia were confused and divided about how to regard the Provisional Government, but most of them, including Stalin, were inclined to accept it for the time being on condition that it work for an end to the war. When Lenin reached Russia in April after his famous ?sealed car? trip across Germany, he quickly denounced his Bolshevik colleagues for failing to take a sufficiently revolutionary stand (Daniels, 88). In August of 1917, while Lenin was in hiding and the party had been basically outlawed by the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks managed to hold their first party congress since 1907 regardless. The most significant part of the debate turned on the possibility for immediate revolutionary action in Russia and the relation of this to the international upheaval. The separation between the utopian internationalists and the more practical Russia-oriented people was already apparent (Pipes, 127). The Bolsheviks hope of seizing power was hardly secret. Bold refusal of the provisional Government was one of their major ideals. Three weeks before the revolt they decided to stage a demonstrative walkout from the advisory assembly. When the walkout was staged, Trotsky denounced the Provisional Government for its alleged counterrevolutionary objectives and called on the people of Russia to support the Bolsheviks (Daniels, 110). On October 10 of 1917, Lenin made the decision to take power. He came secretly to Petrograd to try and disperse any hesitancies the Bolshevik leadership had over his demand for armed revolt. Against the opposition of two of Lenins long-time lieutenants, Zinovieiv and Kamenev, the Central Committee accepted Lenins resolution which formally instructed the party organizations to prepare for the seizure of power. Finally, of October 25 the Bolshevik revolution took place to overthrow the provisional government. They did so through the agency of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. They forcibly overthrew the provisional government by taking over all of the government buildings, such as the post office, and big corporations, such as the power companies, the shipyard, the telephone company. The endorsement of the coup was secured from the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was concurrently in session. This was known as the ?October Revolution? (Luttwak, 74) Through this, control of Russia was shifted to Lenin and the Bolsheviks. IN a quick series of decrees, the new ?soviet? government instituted a number of sweeping reforms, some long overdue and some quite revolutionary. They ranged from ?democratic? reforms, such as the disestablishment of the church and equality for the national minorities, to the recognition of the peasants land seizures and to openly socialist steps such as the nationalization of banks. The Provisional Governments commitment to the war effort was denounced. Four decrees were put into action. The first four from the Bolshevik Revolutionary Legislation were a decree on peace, a decree on land, a decree on the suppression of hostile newspapers, and a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia (Stossenger, 130). .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postImageUrl , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:visited , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active { border:0!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes Essay By early 1918 the Bolshevik critics individually made their peace with Lenin, and were accepted back into the party and governmental leadership. At the same time, the Left and Soviet administration thus acquired the exclusively Communist character which it has had ever since. The Left SRs like the right SRs and the Mensheviks, continued to function in the soviets as a more or less legal opposition until the outbreak of large-scale civil war in the middle of 1918. At that point the opposition parties took positions which were either equally vocal or openly anti-Bolshevik, and one after another, they were suppressed. The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice was agreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded as an indispensable ?breathing spell,? instead of shallowly risking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved during the revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election of officers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventional way and employing ?military specialists? experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with the Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communist practices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political opposition commenced with the creation of the ?Cheka.? Under the direction of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the right of unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leanings of the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despite the varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes of the police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration) to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for State Security) (Pipes, 140). Leninused his secret police in his plans to use terror to achieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies and their allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become a socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means of production was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still, the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top level individuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co., 1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing, 1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books, 1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: Blackhawk Publishing, 1988.

Appraising an organisation’s environment The WritePass Journal

Appraising an organisation’s environment Introduction Appraising an organisation’s environment ). The main unique selling point is attributed to the fact that this organization acknowledges the great power of social media and technology. This implies that the fundraising activities are maintained by means of social and interactive promotions. Additionally, this organization is using for profit approach, which suggests that the fundraising activities generate revenue for NUSA (NUSA Official Website, 2012). Aim and Objectives The aim is identified in order to provide the guidelines for the research proposal (Saunders et al., 2009). The main aim of this proposal is to explore the benefits and disadvantages of the key environmental scanning techniques in the strategic management context. The smaller objectives include: To contrast and compare the environmental scanning techniques To identify the main environmental scanning technique that would be beneficial in the context of strategic planning and management To evaluate long term implications of the chosen environmental scanning technique Rationale There are different techniques available for environmental scanning. Environmental scanning is regarded to be the most important task prior to strategic planning and management.   The chosen environmental scanning   model for the purposes of this research , is based on the adherence to the main objectives related to   environment evaluation. These objectives include the identification of the activities, the evaluation of the processes, the analysis of the information sharing process and investigation of information produced. As a result, the environmental scanning model is based on implementation of PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Internal Analysis and Consumers (refer to the below demonstrated model). This process is based on the utilization of both macro and micro-environmental evaluations, namely PESTEL   and SWOT analysis. PESTEL analysis is designed in order to identify the main external forces that may emerge and thus impact the organization (Johnson and Scholes, 2009). These forces, namely in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal domains, are uncontrollable (Johnson and Scholes, 2009). Therefore, these have to be identified in order to be able to respond to their emergence from a strategic perspective.   SWOT is a micro-level analysis, which serves as a foundation for identification of the future opportunities and threats for the company (Ip and Koo, 2004). Opportunistic matrix identifies the main activities that may be performed in relation to the identified findings in terms of the possible response (Ip and Koo, 2004). Porter’s Five Forces, is the key framework, which is utilized in order to identify the competitiveness of the organization within the industry. This is established with the help of the analysis of the influences of the main competitive forces, namely the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and the degree of rivalry (Porter, 1985). The findings demonstrate the industry’s forces that are perceived to be weak therefore may be taken advantage of in the strategic context. Finally, the last stage of the environmental analysis aims to investigate the consumer behaviour and the key consumer trends. It is specifically focused on the identification of the patterns of consumer behaviour and consumer needs. It is maintained in order to apply the strategies that would affect the increase of customer satisfaction and further expansion of the target audience (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The information sharing process is based on the implementation of the top down sharing approach. This implies that the information is transferred from the managerial levels to business and functional levels (Anderson, 2007). This enables quick ad facilitated information processing from the decision makers to the members of a functional level. Criticism of a Chosen Technique Despite the effectiveness and scope of the chosen technique, it is still subject to a certain degree of criticism. This implies that this framework does not incorporate the evaluation of the social impacts, which would be suitable, given the nature of the fundraising business (Becker, 2001). A PESTEL analysis mentions social impacts, whereas Opportunistic matrix involves evaluation of the societal forces (Correia and Wilson, 2001). On the other hand, this environmental scanning framework allows us to evaluate the company from the organization’s, industry’s and consumer perspectives, which adds the depth to the possible findings. Other than that, this model aims to identify the key trends that may emerge. As the result, based on the identified findings, the organization may plan future strategies that would aid in response to the possible trends. Even though, a PESTEL analysis tends to incorporate the risk analysis, much more advanced and in-depth risk evaluation might have been performed by IRGC (Model of Risk Governance) (Petts, 2008). However, given the scope of the framework and actual business, this analysis might have been perceived as too specialized. Porter’s Five Forces, is a beneficial model for industry’s investigation. However, it has been developed in relation to the idea that contemporary market is perfect. This is not true, therefore this framework fails to address some issues that would be applicable to the imperfect market. Methodology It is recommended to perform the analysis on the basis of integration of the secondary research. The main sources will be acquired from the academic and professional books and journals, databases , reports and news reports. The secondary research is regarded to be limited, since the material for it is collected and analysed at east 1-2 years prior to publication. Therefore, the sources may be regarded as obsolete and outdated (Saunders et al., 2009). Conclusion This paper, designed in the format of a proposal, has been produced in order to identify and evaluate the best environmental scanning model in the context of strategic management. The paper demonstrates the most suitable environmental scanning technique for the charitable organization, namely NUSA. This organization specializes in fundraising and is based at Nottingham University. The environmental scanning model consists of four main stages, namely PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, SWOT analysis and Consumer Evaluation. This analysis is regarded to be multidimensional thus adding depth to the evaluation. Despite it being a quite effective framework, it still has attracted some criticism. This implies that there is lack of evaluation from the social perspective, given the nature of the fundraising business. Furthermore, larger focus should have been applied to the possible risks examination. Other than that, this framework proves to   be beneficial and effective from th e strategic perspective. References Anderson, (2007), â€Å"Social networks and the cognitive motivation to realize network opportunities: a study of managers information gathering behaviours†,   Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Vol.29,Iss.1, pp.51-78 Becker H. (2001), â€Å"Social Impact Assessment†, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.16, Iss.2, 311-321 Correia, Z. and Wilson, T.D. (2001), â€Å"Factors inï ¬â€šuencing environmental scanning in the organizational context†, Information Research, Vol. 7, Iss. 1,    Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/7-1/paper121.html, (Accessed on 21st November, 2012) Ip, Y.K. and Koo, L.C. (2004), â€Å"BSQ strategic formulation framework: a hybrid of balanced scorecard, SWOT analysis and quality function deployment†, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 533–543. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R., (2009), Fundamentals of Strategy, p.102, London: Prentice Hall Kotler P., Armstrong G., (2010), Principles of Marketing, 13th ed., Pearson: USA NUSA Official Website (2012), â€Å"NUSA’s Mamelodi Fundraising Page†, Available: justgiving.com/NUSAMamelodiFundraising/ (Accessed on 2ast November 2012) Petts J., (2008), â€Å"Public engagement to build trust: false hopes?† , Journal of Risk Research, Vol.11, Iss.6, 811-832 Porter, M.E., (1985), Competitive Advantage, Free Press: New York Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students, 5th ed., Prentice Hall: UK

Breastfeeding and the Sexual Objectification of Women

Female breastfeeding and sexual objectivation Women's sexual objectivity is harmful not only for women but also for their children and even the environment. This objective may interfere with women breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is very beneficial for mothers, babies, and the environment. Breastfeeding children are unlikely to cause ear infections, allergies, vomiting, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, chronic gastrointestinal disorders, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, bacterial meningitis, breastfeeding is sudden I know that it helps to prevent death. Illness (SIDS), lactating women are low The concept of sexual objectivization, especially women's objectiveness, is an important idea in feminist theory and feminist psychology. Many feminists believe that sexual objectiveness plays an important role in sexual inequality. Psychologists associate objectivity with the physical and mental health risks of women. The male objectivity of men includes women who are mainly considered male sexual desires rather than whole people. There are disagreement about discomfort, but many feminists believe that women are objectiveized in ads, art, and sexually oriented accounts in the media. In prostitution, men evaluate or judge gender and aesthetics of women in public places and activities such as beauty contests. Men play a role in reducing women's sexuality, especially in male friendship groups and the environment, and by reducing the consumption of media by sex. But women also promote women's sexuality and self-objectiveness. For example, in many female groups, we habitually critically evaluate the appearance of ourselves and others and talk about clothes, hair, weight and cosmetics. Mothers often educate their daughters self-objectively by focusing on their daughter's weight and clothing, and by overly focusing on the appearance of the body through imitation. Self-objectiveness exerts a certain influence on the thought processes and actions of women's physical activity a nd sexual activity, but it is unlikely that emotions on the body of a woman, including functions that can not be separated from the body of a woman, such as menstruation and breastfeeding Also relevant. Consistent with the theory of objectiveness, habitual physical monitoring is a feature of self-objectiveness that influences the influence of women on the body (Breines, Crocker, Garcia, 2008). For example, in a qualitative survey, we believe that women's samples of self-identifying feminists express themselves boldly care about their bodies and are trained by others in terms of appearance, speech, and behavior It was. ), Page 34

Wireless and the new Technology Annotated Bibliography

Wireless and the new Technology - Annotated Bibliography Example Results were determined comparatively through pre- and post-tests. Based on the gathered data, the results of the examinations with the ARS is similar to the conventional form of learning but based on surveys that explored the students’ opinions, ARS is more stimulating to learning. In the study, Islam and Doyle focused on the advantages brought about by the use of wireless technology specifically the mobile SMS in the communication among the developing countries, specifically one of the poorest countries which is Bangladesh. The said advantages include health services, e-commerce, data gathering for different studies and distance education. The results of the article contributed in the determination that the applications of wireless technology are not limited in the urban areas and in developed nations. Barnes, L. J. (2008). Lecture-Free High School Biology Using an Audience Response System. American Biology Teacher, 70(9), 531-536. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=35840820&site=ehost-live Blackbourn, J. M., Fillingim, J. G., McCelland, S., Elrod, G. F., Medley, M. B., Kritsonis, M. A., Ray, J. (2008). The Use of Wireless Technology to Augment Problem-Based Learning in Special Education Preservice Teacher Training. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(2), 169-176. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ulib.iupui.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=33405330&site=ehost-live Islam, Y. M. and Doyle, K. O. (2008). Distance Education via SMS Technology in Rural Bangladesh. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 87-96. Retrieved September 15, 2009, from

Eating Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eating Challenge - Essay Example And also with bread, I have also unconsciously picked up bread placed on the table. I also found out that in these instances, people are likely to feel the urge to just give in – cheat on the challenge, in other words. I also learned that for individuals who are not accustomed to eating fruits and vegetables are likely to find the challenge difficult. However, for people who are adept at preparing and cooking vegetables or preparing salads, the challenge can be easier to manage. My first forays into cooking these meals were made with the help of the internet and I was surprised that many delicious meals could also be prepared using fruits and vegetables. It took a while for me to master these preparations and I went through many ruined meals before I finally picked up some useful techniques in cooking these meals. All in all however, I was enlightened by the experience. I found out that I actually had the discipline to engage in a vegetable and fruit diet, and to resist pork and minimize my bread intake. I also enjoyed the experience especially whenever I would weigh myself and see that I really was losing weight and that my ‘sacrifice’ was actually paying off. Losing weight can build confidence in one’s looks and eventually an overall confidence in oneself. It felt good to lose the extra weight and I was proud that my efforts paid off. Finally, I have learned from the experience that with sacrifice and discipline, many things are

Characteristics of Interviewing Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Interviewing Essay When Susan conversed with Leslie and Scott, she was talking with an eye contact and moving her hands and other body parts. She moved her head whenever she wanted to express that she was able to understand. Susan succeeded while maintaining her eye contact and stopping at interval whenever she felt was the right time to allow the thinking procedure. She demonstrated the pair that she was paying attention to what they were saying by using small phrases like I see, and oh hmm. Her hand movements also helped. Open ended question Susan asked Leslie many open ended questions such as, Assist me, how was it helpful? How do you feel about that? She intended to know about Leslies sentiments and thoughts. She wished to view things from Leslies prospective. Susan succeeded while asking such questions. Leslie gave answers openly and gives details about her feeling under given circumstances. It helped in creating fruitful discussion. Closed ended question There are few queries which have restricted replies like Susan asking sealed ended queries to Scot, Can you show me the evidence? This resulted in a yes or no conversation with Scott. There are not proper details or sentiments required to reply such queries. It finishes that particular section of discussion. Reflection of content or paraphrase Susan applied the instance of extraction of text and interpretation in the film by stating, In my opinion, I am listening to and she moves on with  Leslies statement by briefing the details. Leslie then let Susan know if she is right. Reflection of feeling A sample of reflection of feeling is when Susan asks Scott, and thats difficult for you Scott? She also states, I couldnt hear when your wife said that, are you stressed about what she thinks of you? Susan succeeded with the consideration of Scotts sentiments and what he feels about Leslie. Reference: Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, in Couples Therapy with the Experts 7, Governors State University. Communications Services. (Psychotherapy.net, 2009), 115:26 min.

Was Macbeth A Traitor :: essays research papers

'Macbeth deserved to die because he was totally responsible for the betraying the Scottish king, Duncan, and the Scottish people';. Write an analytical essay in which you explore the forces behind Macbeth's murdering ways. Macbeth deserved to die for betraying the Scottish king, Duncan, and the Scottish people; however, he was not totally responsible for his actions. Lady Macbeth and the three Witches also played a major role. They were responsible for convincing Macbeth to begin the series of events, which eventually led to the destruction of order in Scotland. Once she had received news of the three Witches' prophecies, Lady Macbeth was intent that she would eventually become Queen of Scotland. Initially, Macbeth had decided not to murder Duncan, 'We will proceed no further in this business'; (Macbeth, Act I, scene vii). However, Lady Macbeth was determined to continue with her original plan. She repeatedly insulted Macbeth's manhood, provoking him to continue with the plans to murder Duncan, 'When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scene vii). She appealed to Macbeth's 'vaulting ambition'; so as to intensify the effect that the Witches' prophecies had on him, 'Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor! Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scene v). She convinced Macbeth that the rewards of the murder would far outweigh the drawbacks and clear their conscience, 'A little water clears us of this deed'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scen e ii). Although Macbeth dearly loved his king, Lady Macbeth yielded such a persuasive power over him that he was convinced the Witches' prophecies of Duncan's murder and the resulting kingship were his rightful fate. The three Witches deceived Macbeth by proclaiming ambiguous prophecies, which led him to believe that he would be a powerful and loved king. The second apparition, 'Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth'; (a bloody child, Act IV, scene i) led him to believe that he would never be harmed, as nobody alive can be 'none of woman born';. Macbeth failed to realise that the apparition was referring to Macduff, who was born by caesarean. The third apparition, 'Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to High Dunsinane hill shall come against him'; (a child crowned with a tree in his hands, Act IV, scene i) also fooled Macbeth into believing that he would not be harmed as king.

Nupath Foods Inc Essay

James Ornath read the latest sales figures with a great deal of satisfaction. The vice president of marketing at Nupath Foods, Inc., was pleased to see that the marketing campaign to improve sagging sales of Prowess cat food was working. Sales volume of the product had increased 20 percent in the past quarter compared with the previous year and market share was up. The improved sales of Prowess could be credited to Denise Washington, the brand manager responsible for cat foods at Nupath. Washington had joined Nupath less than two years ago as an assistant brand manager after leaving a similar job at a consumer products firm. She was one of the few women in marketing management at Nupath and had a promising career with the company. Ornath was pleased with Washington’s work and tried to let her know this in the annual performance reviews. He now had an excellent opportunity to reward her by offering the recently vacated position of market research coordinator. Although technically only a lateral research was not the route to top management in most organizations, Washington thought. She had been sidelined. After a long silence, Washington managed a weak â€Å"Than you Mr. Ornath.† She was too bewildered to protest. She wanted to collect her thoughts and reflect on what she had done wrong. Also, she did not know her boss well enough to be openly critical. Ornath recognized Washington’s surprise, which he naturally assumed was her positive response to hearing of this wonderful career opportunity. He, too, had been delighted several years earlier about his temporary transfer to marketing research to round out his marketing experience. â€Å"this move will be good for both you and Nupath,† said Ornath as he escorted Washington from his office. Washington had several tasks to complete that afternoon but was able to consider the day’s events that evening. She was one of the top women in brand management at Nupath and feared that she was being sidelined because the company didn’t want women in top management. Her previous employer had made it quite transfer with a modest salary increase, the marketing research coordinator job would give Washington broader experience in some high-profile work, which would enhance her career with Nupath. Few people were aware that Ornath’s own career had been boosted by working as marketing research coordinator at Nupath several years before. Denise Washington had also seen the latest sales figures on Prowess cat food and was expecting Ornath’s call to meet with her that morning. Oranth began the conversation by briefly mentioning the favorable sales figures, and then explained that he wanted Washington to take the marketing research coordinator job. Washington was shocked by the news. She enjoyed brand management and particularly the challenge involved with controlling a product that directly affected the company’s profitability. Marketing research coordinator was a technical support position—a â€Å"backroom† job—far removed from the company’s bottom-line activities. Marketing clear that women â€Å"couldn’t take the heat† in marketing management and tended to place women in technical support position after a brief term in lower brand management jobs. Obviously, Nupath was following the same game plan. Ornath’s comments that the coordinator job would be good for her was just a nice way of saying that Washington couldn’t go any further in brand management at Nupath. Washington was now faced with the difficult decision of confronting Ornath and trying to change Nupath’s sexist practices or submitting her resignation. Discussion Question : 1. What symptom(s) exist in this case to suggest that something has gone wrong? 2. Diagnose the underlying problems that have led to these symptoms. 3. What actions should the organization take to correct these problems?

Articulate Thought Essay

â€Å"Articulate speech marks [people] out as [individuals] and in some settings, this can be rather dangerous because people are often suspicious and frightened of articulateness. † (Humanities). Articulateness describes a person’s ability to express an idea coherently. A well articulated idea, concept or opinion, does not use proof based on a fallacy to back up its view. When people speak or write articulately, they are able to convey a message to others in a way that cannot be distorted. It can even be said, â€Å"[a]rticulateness builds the human community. † (Humanities) Without the ability to understand each other there would be no way for a society to function. Each person would not be able to communicate a message from his or her thoughts to another person, thus any sort of teamwork would be impossible. It is the understanding of others’ ideas told to a person in a way more specific than basic gestures or grunts that allows humans to be more successful in groups than any animal. Properly expressed thoughts are the best way to communicate in any form of society, because failing to articulate properly often leads to misinterpretation. A lack of articulation, and thus a lack of complete understanding, leads to people being misinformed. Sometimes people in power use the ability to misinform others to their advantage. By deliberately explaining campaigns vaguely so that the general public does not fully understand, people in power, or people who wish to be in power, can skew facts in their favour. â€Å"We are taught to read and write so that we can obey the traffic signs and to cipher so that we can make out our income tax† (Humanities), but people are deliberately expected to maintain only a level of intelligence sufficient to allow them to participate in society at a minimal level. People are kept in a docile state so that they will not question generally accepted ideas proposed by the government. People are only provided with education to a level insufficient to challenge the inarticulate ideas of those considered superiors. The general public is expected to automatically respect the opinions of superiors, and the people considered more powerful in society are thus able to fool the unintelligent general public. If campaigns proposed by governments were explained articulately, the people would be able to understand the true intent and make fully informed decisions. Privileged to all of the information, the general public would be able to spot any deceptions and each campaign would be subjected to scrutiny. Inarticulateness is nearly as powerful a tool as true articulateness, in some respects. By extending the human capacity of knowledge further than allowed in fundamental schooling, it is possible to overcome the system that attempts to keep society unintelligent. People are able to absorb and think about ideas of others that they have not physically met or spoken to through reading well-written literature. The more people read and are able to understand literature, the more they will develop their own articulate ideas. â€Å"As we challenge ourselves to read more and more difficult literature, we become able to extend ourselves further† (Literature). Literature allows people to â€Å"[leap] over the boundaries that usually separate us from other selves and worlds† (Literature) and increase each person’s base of knowledge substantially. It is only with prior knowledge of a subject that humans are able to intelligently articulate their ideas. However, society is not quick to embrace the powers that articulate thought gives individuals. People do not wish to pick up books unless they are necessary for their immediate success in a submissive society. â€Å"A society like ours doesn’t have much interest in literacy† (Humanities). Governments work to keep society in a level of cautious unintelligence, and are hesitant to embrace articulate ideas because they are truly powerful things. Powerful and well articulated ideas often lead to change, and change is something most people are apprehensive of. People with individual thoughts are marked out and scorned by the masses, and in many less democratic countries than Canada radical thinkers are silenced by means of intimidation or imprisonment. â€Å"Understanding and articulateness lead to [government’s] destruction† (Humanities). The government, as we know it, the system that works in a way which is not always beneficial to the general public because society remains afraid to challenge, could not exist. A well-articulated idea that goes against the government can cause upheaval in society. If people were to act on those ideas and rebel against laws put in place by the government, any sort of order would be in a state of constant flux, moving from one extreme to another. Without radicals, there would be no forward movement in humanity. Radicals such as Aristotle, who believed that there was a proper way to think and that many of the things society automatically accepts as truths are nothing more than fallacy, were scorned during their lifetimes. Many scholars’ ideas were immediately dismissed because people were frightened of their ability to articulate ideas that were radically different from those commonly held. In society there is a nature ingrained into each person, a feeling that one singled from the group will be defenseless and vulnerable. This instinct may be a result of evolution, something that humans needed in order to survive. Now it could be said the need that humans feel to conform to a group because it is presumed safer, is holding society back. Radical thinkers move humanity forward. The need for acceptance, and the desire to fit in rather than stand out in a community is something common to each person. â€Å"Young adolescents today often betray a curious sense of shame about speaking articulately† (Humanities). There is an almost paralyzing fear shared by many people, most noticeably in school children but in adults as well, of not only public speaking but also even raising their hands in a classroom setting. A child asked to give a speech to a classroom of peers about a topic, to share ideas and opinions unique to that child, will often become frightened that his or her opinions will not be shared by the rest of the class. The need for acceptance is often greater than the need to articulate and stand out. People in many cases would rather believe and agree with an idea that they have valid reason to believe to be false in order to be part of a community than voice their own opinion and be rejected. Fallacies are a barrier created by the structure of society in order to discourage articulate thought. People are often afraid of articulateness because it conveys well-formed and direct ideas, something uncommon in society. Humans are naturally afraid of something that is unfamiliar to them. An intelligent individual who thinks differently from the masses, even if his or her idea is perfectly valid and conveyed in such a way that makes their reasoning clear, are often ridiculed because society tends to accept fallacies as proof of validity. An example of a commonly believed fallacy is Circulous probando, or â€Å"thinking in circles† (Think). This term created by Aristotle, â€Å"often entails joining an intellectual herd charging round and round† (Think). The drive that humans have, the instinct to stay equal with the group both in a physical sense and an intellectual respect, leads society to want to believe in fallacies. The notion that if â€Å"everybody thinks such and such; it must be so for the simple reason that everybody thinks it is so† (Think). is safe. If everyone in the group believes a fallacy, those people are all on the same level intellectually, and there is safety in numbers. No one in the group will be singled out. The more people believe in something, be it fallacy or truth, the more likely it is that other people will believe the same simply because it is commonly accepted. This way of thinking can be detrimental to a group of people, because if the group believes in commonly held fallacies over intelligent articulate thought. â€Å"The surest way to destroy freedom is to destroy the capacity to articulate freely. † (Humanities) Without articulate freedom, human society will never progress or evolve.

Examine the Causes of World War II

Examine the Causes of World War II Many of the seeds of World War II in Europe were sown by the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. In its final form, the treaty placed full blame for the war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, as well as exacted harsh financial reparations and led to territorial dismemberment. For the German people, who had believed that the armistice had been agreed to based on US President Woodrow Wilsons lenient Fourteen Points, the treaty caused resentment and a deep mistrust of their new government, the Weimar Republic. The need to pay war reparations, coupled with the instability of the government, contributed to massive hyperinflation which crippled the German economy. This situation was made worse by the onset of the Great Depression. In addition to the economic ramifications of the treaty, Germany was required to demilitarize the Rhineland and had severe limitations placed on the size of its military, including the abolishment of its air force. Territorially, Germany was stripped of its colonies and forfeited land for the formation of the country of Poland. To ensure that Germany would not expand, the treaty forbade the annexation of Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Rise of Fascism and the Nazi Party In 1922, Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party rose to power in Italy. Believing in a strong central government and strict control of industry and the people, Fascism was a reaction to the perceived failure of free market economics and a deep fear of communism. Highly militaristic, Fascism also was driven by a sense of belligerent nationalism that encouraged conflict as a means of social improvement. By 1935, Mussolini was able to make himself the dictator of Italy and transformed the country into a police state. To the north in Germany, Fascism was embraced by the National Socialist German Workers Party, also known as the Nazis. Swiftly rising to power in the late 1920s, the Nazis and their charismatic leader, Adolf Hitler, followed the central tenets of Fascism while also advocating for the racial purity of the German people and additional German Lebensraum (living space). Playing on the economic distress in Weimar Germany and backed by their Brown Shirts militia, the Nazis became a political force. On January 30, 1933, Hitler was placed in a position to take power when he was appointed Reich Chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg The Nazis Assume Power A month after Hitler assumed the Chancellorship, the Reichstag building burned. Blaming the fire on the Communist Party of Germany, Hitler used the incident as an excuse to ban those political parties that opposed Nazi policies. On March 23, 1933, the Nazis essentially took control of the government by passing the Enabling Acts. Meant to be an emergency measure, the acts gave the cabinet (and Hitler) the power to pass legislation without the approval of the Reichstag. Hitler next moved to consolidate his power and executed a purge of the party (The Night of the Long Knives) to eliminate those who could threaten his position. With his internal foes in check, Hitler began the persecution of those who were deemed racial enemies of the state. In September 1935, he passed the Nuremburg Laws which stripped Jews of their citizenship and forbade marriage or sexual relations between a Jew and an Aryan. Three years later the first pogrom began (Night of Broken Glass) in which over one hundred Jews were killed and 30,000 arrested and sent to concentration camps. Germany Remilitarizes On March 16, 1935, in clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler ordered the remilitarization of Germany, including the reactivation of the Luftwaffe (air force). As the German army grew through conscription, the other European powers voiced minimal protest as they were more concerned with enforcing the economic aspects of the treaty. In a move that tacitly endorsed Hitlers violation of the treaty, Great Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935, which allowed Germany to build a fleet one third the size of the Royal Navy and ended British naval operations in the Baltic. Two years after beginning the expansion of the military, Hitler further violated the treaty by ordering the reoccupation of the Rhineland by the German Army. Proceeding cautiously, Hitler issued orders that the German troops should withdrawal if the French intervened. Not wanting to become involved in another major war, Britain and France avoided intervening and sought a resolution, with little success, through the League of Nations. After the war several German officers indicated that if the reoccupation of the Rhineland had been opposed, it would have meant the end of Hitlers regime. The Anschluss Emboldened by Great Britain and Frances reaction to the Rhineland, Hitler began to move forward with a plan to unite all German-speaking peoples under one Greater German regime. Again operating in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler made overtures regarding the annexation of Austria. While these were generally rebuffed by the government in Vienna, Hitler was able to orchestrate a coup by the Austrian Nazi Party on March 11, 1938, one day before a planned plebiscite on the issue. The next day, German troops crossed the border to enforce the Anschluss (annexation). A month later the Nazis held a plebiscite on the issue and received 99.73% of the vote. International reaction was again mild, with Great Britain and France issuing protests, but still showing that they were unwilling to take military action. The Munich Conference With Austria in his grasp, Hitler turned towards the ethnically German Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Since its formation at the end of World War I, Czechoslovakia had been wary of possible German advances. To counter this, they had built an elaborate system of fortifications throughout the mountains of the Sudetenland to block any incursion and formed military alliances with France and the Soviet Union. In 1938, Hitler began supporting paramilitary activity and extremist violence in the Sudetenland. Following Czechoslovakias declaration of martial law in the region, Germany immediately demanded that the land be turned over to them. In response, Great Britain and France mobilized their armies for the first time since World War I. As Europe moved towards war, Mussolini suggested a conference to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia. This was agreed to and the meeting opened in September 1938, at Munich. In the negotiations, Great Britain and France, led by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and President Édouard Daladier respectively, followed a policy of appeasement and caved to Hitlers demands in order to avoid war. Signed on September 30, 1938, the Munich Agreement turned over the Sudetenland to Germany in exchange for Germanys promise to make no additional territorial demands. The Czechs, who had not been invited to conference, were forced to accept the agreement and were warned that if they failed to comply, they would be responsible for any war that resulted. By signing the agreement, the French defaulted on their treaty obligations to Czechoslovakia. Returning to England, Chamberlain claimed to have achieved peace for our time. The following March, German troops broke the agreement and seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia. Shortly thereafter, Germany entered into a military alliance with Mussolinis Italy. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Angered by what he saw as the Western Powers colluding to give Czechoslovakia to Hitler, Josef Stalin worried that a similar thing could occur with the Soviet Union. Though wary, Stalin entered into talks with Britain and France regarding a potential alliance. In the summer of 1939, with the talks stalling, the Soviets began discussions with Nazi Germany regarding the creation of a  non-aggression pact. The final document, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, was signed on August 23, and called for the sale of food and oil to Germany and mutual non-aggression. Also included in the pact were secret clauses dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence as well as plans for the partition of Poland. The Invasion of Poland Since  World War I, tensions had existed between Germany and Poland regarding the free city of Danzig and the Polish Corridor. The latter was a narrow strip of land reaching north to Danzig which provided Poland with access to the sea and separated the province of East Prussia from the rest of Germany. In an effort to resolve these issues and gain  Lebensraum  for the German people, Hitler began planning the invasion of Poland. Formed after World War I, Polands army was relatively weak and ill-equipped compared to Germany. To aid in its defense, Poland had formed military alliances with Great Britain and France. Massing their armies along the Polish border, the Germans staged a fake Polish attack on August 31, 1939. Using this as a pretext for war, German forces flooded across the border the next day. On September 3, Great Britain and France issued an ultimatum to Germany to end the fighting. When no reply was received, both nations declared war. In Poland, German troops executed a blitzkrieg (lightning war) assault combining armor and mechanized infantry. This was supported from above by the Luftwaffe, which had gained experience fighting with the fascist Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The Poles attempted to counterattack but were defeated at the Battle of Bzura (Sept. 9-19). As the fighting was ending at Bzura, the Soviets, acting on the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, invaded from the east. Under assault from two directions, the Polish defenses crumbled with only isolated cities and areas offering prolonged resistance. By October 1, the country had been completely overrun with some Polish units escaping to Hungary and Romania. During the campaign, Great Britain and France, who were both slow to mobilize, provided little support to their ally. With the conquest of Poland, the Germans implemented Operation Tannenberg which called for the arrest, detainment, and execution of 61,000 Polish activists, former officers, actors, and intelligentsia. By the end of September, special units known as  Einsatzgruppen  had killed over 20,000 Poles. In the east, the Soviets also committed numerous atrocities, including the murder of prisoners of war, as they advanced. The following year, the Soviets executed between 15,000-22,000 Polish POWs and citizens in the  Katyn Forest  on Stalins orders.

Snatch by Guy Ritchie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Snatch by Guy Ritchie - Essay Example In the previous work of Ritchie, the use of impenetrable accent by non-British was very common while in the current work; a character represented by Brad Pitt has played a major part in bringing up another complicated gypsy dialect that other characters find difficult to understand in the movie. The character represented by Brad Pitt, paradoxically finds it very easy to communicate using this language understood by fewer people than other characters who find it very difficult to communicate using the language understood by all. Brad Pitt sounds like the combination of Professor Backwards and Adam Sandler. Therefore, this becomes an advantage to Brad Pitt since no one would really concentrate on his presence since no one understands the language he speaks thus he does not experience the discrimination as the rest face. Ritchie is a professional director, he is not interested in crime, but instead, he pays more attention to the voltage. According to Hrubes, Postmodernist Intertextuality in David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas, the events of the play, Snatch, make it very interesting to viewers even if no one really hopes to understand the plot or rather no one of the viewers is very keen to understand the plot. The clothesline for Ritchie’s’ pyrotechnics is whereby he seems like very close to tell the audience that understanding the plot does not really matter that much. The plot of the play revolves around interlocked stories, which include, pigs, stolen diamonds, and wicked boxing. Franky Four Fingers steal a diamond from Belgium in Antwerp and runs back to London, two men, Avi, a gangster from America and Borris the Blade, a Russian, try to separate Franky Four Finger from the diamond. This becomes very hard to separate since he is handcuffed with the diamond to the wrist. Eventually, two s hady promoters find themselves involved in the crime after Gorgeous George, a boxer, is found lying flat on the stomach after being knocked down. This leads to the recruitment of the gypsy is a very great fighter that London would not recognize, in desperation for a winner. Pigs feed on the bodies of the discriminated people. When the blacks, the thieves, and other discriminated groups of people die in London, pigs feast on their dead bodies. The part played by Pitt and gypsy constitute the most interesting parts of the movie. The characters in this movie have cartoon faces, and the actions seem outright and Ritchie is very aggressive in his camera style, which makes the movie captivating and interesting. Despite all these facts concerning the movie, the movie ends up nowhere in particular and it does not build or develop anybody. Therefore, this movie entertains more than it educates the viewers. The Snatch is partly a comedy and every event carried out is a dark comedy. It revolve s around death and murder, and decay whereby in Snatch, Ritchie keeps on throwing things that just do not fit in the movie at that time just to break the monotony of deaths, murder, and decay. Stunning things like a Russian who just does not die, a man who has four fingers, and a dog that is able to swallow a squeaky toy among other stunning and strange things. All these characters that Ritchie uses

Should Gay couples be able to marry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Should Gay couples be able to marry - Essay Example On the other hand, same sex marriages are opposed by religious and moral groups who consider it to be unnatural. It is also argued that it is not a normal way of leading life and they present that same sex marriages should not be permitted. Should Gay Couples Be Able to Marry With the broadening of the human mind and the understanding of relationships, the road to new controversies has emerged and there are many matters which have become subjects of hot debates. The human behavior has changed and every human being has acquired knowledge regarding the fact that they have the right to choose and opt for what they want. Homosexual relationships provide with a very good example of controversy that has been emerging since the last quarter of the twentieth century. It is not that gays did not exist before this period but a true fact is that every human being has come to analyze and understand their importance in this world and it is a belief that a person has a right to choose for his life . Fight against woman’s suppression and racism was followed by the homosexuals who also needed proper identification and the opportunity to live their lives the way they want to. On one side the gays demand the provision of rights for them to marry and live normal lives on the basis of the fact that every human being has a right to choose their way of living. ... According to a survey conducted by the William’s Institute, it can be analyzed that the number of same sex couples is increasing in the United States. Its first study in the year 2000 indicated the fact that the number of the same sex couples was 594,391 whereas this number increased to 776,943 in the year 2005. This increase in the number of same sex couples is accompanied by the fight of these groups for their rights to be legally married (Romero et al 2007). The last decade of the twentieth century showed the initiation of many legal hearings on the controversy that whether the gays should be allowed to marry or not. The year 1993 served as a beginning for this cause in the United States when the Supreme Court in Hawaii took a strong stand against the denial of three same sex couple to get married by a lower court. The court upheld the fact that this refusal to the couple to get married was not correct as this indicated sexual discrimination. Similar hearings were followed in the Supreme Courts of Alaska and Vermont in the years 1998 and 1999 respectively but there was still no definite decision taken and same sex marriage was not officially allowed in any state. It was in the year 2000 that the marriage of same sex couples was permitted in the state of Vermont which was the first State in the United States to allow these marriages. Several other Supreme Court rulings were followed and in some states the same sex couples were married and New Mexico formed an example of a state where these couples were married but later their marriages were declared void. In the same year 2004, President Bush also invalidated and declared same sex marriages to be illegal. Thus this issue of

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation Essay

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation - Essay Example Collaborations utilizing the talents and wisdom of knowledgeable persons provide the presentation with a higher level of credibility and in-depth informative aspects far beyond what a single perspective and solitary voice could offer to the audience. It is commonplace in today’s high-tech society for presentations to be produced and delivered by means of a group effort rather than by an individual. It has been found to be much more effectual for numerous associates to speak instead of just a single person speaking for the entire organization or group. A presentation is broken up into several sections with each requiring a specialized knowledge base which is more effectively addressed by an expert in that particular area. One person can hardly be considered the most knowledgeable within an organization regarding every aspect of a complex subject or project. In addition, the audience retains more interest for a longer period of time if the presentation is broken up with differing speakers. When team members speak only on what they know best, this not only allows for a more informative presentation but does not put the burden on one person to speak about unfamiliar aspects of the subject. Each member is confident with their part and thus at ease with the material unlike a single person attempting to cover everything, a confidence which is openly conveyed to the audience. Group presentations also serve to present a cross-section of the organization’s employees instead of viewing just one representative, a major selling point to the intended audience (Friedmann, 2003). Team presentation offers a heightened level of attention for the audience as they are presented with a variety of speakers. When practiced well, the presentation flows more smoothly and coherently with a group effort because, for example, one person might be given the task of operating visual and or audio aids while another focuses on speaking to the audience.

Emergence of Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Emergence of Integrated Marketing Communication - Essay Example The integrated marketing campaign cannot be successful if the different deliverables are not put in a direct fashion towards the target audience; no matter it is the primary one or the secondary target market. The marketing plan, however, remains the key in such a situation and it cannot be counted off, no matter how difficult the undertakings or executions of the IMC turn out to be. Thus IMC and MC must go hand in hand towards a successful execution of the product and/or service’s message geared towards the relevant target audience. Message consistency is indeed a significant aspect of the integrated marketing campaign since the old campaigns might just get mixed with the newer campaigns that are brought forward by the relevant brand, which could either be a product or a service and in some cases, a hybrid also works to some effect. The message must remain geared towards a selected target audience as this ensures that there are no shortcomings on the part of the people for which the message is put out, in the first place. With that, we must understand that a well balanced IMC campaign looks to plug the shortcomings which usually arise in the wake of changing messages and when certain strategies and tactics are amended for one reason or the other. The reasons could be aplenty but the most important thing here to understand is the fact that the message must remain synchronized and there are no double meanings or embedded messages beneath the new campaign brought forward by the product and/or service. Message consi stency within an effective and efficient IMC campaign suggests that the brand team has done its homework well and that there are no hindrances in the wake of it achieving short-term benefits and long-term, strategic profits.  

Path loss determination using Hata model

Path loss determination using Hata model CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Path loss is the degradation in received power of an Electromagnetic signal when it propagates through space. Path loss is due to several effects such as free space path loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, coupling and cable loss, and absorption. Path loss depends on several factors such as type of propagation environments, distance between transmitter and receiver, height and location of antennas. Also the signal from the transmitting antenna may take multiple paths (multipath) to reach the receiving side, which results in either increase or decrease of received signal level depending on the constructive or destructive interference of the multipath waves. Path loss is usually expressed in decibels (db), as this method gives us an easy and consistent method to compare the signal levels at various points. Where Lp is the path loss i.e. the ratio of power of received signal to that of transmitted. Propagation models are used extensively in network planning, particularly for conducting feasibility studies and during initial deployment. They are also very useful for performing interference studies as the deployment proceeds. Numerous Experiments have been carried out all around the world, for checking the applicability of suitable path loss models in mobile communications specific scenario. In those experiments radio engineers carried out signal strength measurement for a specific area and compared the observed output with that of predicted outputs from different widely accepted propagation models so as to find out which model best predict the path loss for the given scenario. Also, some fine tuning for that model are done based on the difference. Many propagation models are available for path loss predictions. Deterministic models are based on the laws of electromagnetic wave propagation and produce accurate predictions of the path loss, however they take high computational effort and require detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation path .Free space Model, and Plane Earth model, are easier deterministic propagation methods. Empirical models are based on extensive collection of data for specific case. They are not accurate but predict the most likely behavior the link may exhibit under specific conditions. Okumura carried out a lot of field strength measurements in Tokyo, Japan with varying terrain, frequency antenna height and transmitted power. It states that, the signal strength decreases at much greater rate with distance than that predicted by free space loss .An empirical formula based on Okumuras results has been developed by Hata in order to make the propagation loss prediction easy to apply .Hata gave no of path loss models for urban, suburban and open areas, often called Okamura-Hata model. The European Co-operative for Scientific and Technical Research (COST) extended the Hata model to be valid for PCS(personal communication System) Operating at 1800- 2000 MHz, which is named COST 231 Hata model .The European research group also developed an another model taking Diffraction effect into consideration, which is COST 231 Walfish Ikegami model. Actually, this model is a semi-deterministic model as the path loss calculations is made by combining empirical models with deterministi c techniques [4].wave propagation models for planning of mobile communication network. Theres a North American model called Lees model named after W.C.Y. Lee, which is characterized by two parameters, power at a mile and path loss exponent. Kathmandu is the capital city of our country Nepal with more than 1 million inhabitants. GSM Mobile launched by Nepal Telecom reached almost a decade now with total 3.5 million subscribers, and 1.5 million solely in Kathmandu. With such increase in no. of subscribers, the no of BTS has gone up to 1500 in whole Nepal. Operating with both the frequency 900 and 1800 MHz, there are nearly 500 BTS (BS) in Kathmandu only. With such increase in the no. of Bs in Kathmandu valley due to the growth in No of subscribers, proper planning methods are needed for placing BTS for acceptable field strength and Interference level in the coverage area. Also the Coverage holes are needed to be filled with proper planning. This Planning Requires appropriate propagation models that best predicts the path loss for our specific environment. In this project, the feasibility analysis and fine tuning of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model has been done for propagation environments in Kathmandu. Taking three different areas of Kathmandu namely: Core city area, Ring-road area and Remote areas and five locations are selected for each of the terrain types and Field Strength Measurements offers a better means to understand what path loss model to use in certain propagation environments. Field strength measurements were conducted on the existing GSM 900 MHz Network of Nepal Telecom on the locations of interest. MOTIVATION The demand for increasing mobile subscribers needs efficient extension of a cellular network. For GSM like technology, there is additional complexity in making efficient Allocation of Base Stations and frequency planning. For this, proper path loss models should be used for coverage prediction and interference analysis. Much of the popular path loss models by renowned RF engineers are based on the observation data taken on their own country. So there is need of fine tuning of such model for applicability in our area. To my knowledge, there has not been any published work regarding such models feasibility analysis and modifications.This provides the impetus for this project to make an analysis of the observed data and necessary modification in Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for Kathmandu. Also, the proposed re-farming of 900 MHz frequency spectrum for Future Generation of Mobile Communications provides another drive for this project. It is obvious that use of less frequency yields large coverage area than higher frequencies. Hence, for future generation mobile, Scientist have conceived of making use of 900 MHz spectrum and together with use of newer technologies, they could make efficient utilization of this spectrum. APPLICATIONS This project can be used in realistic planning of GSM networks, with the predicted path loss in Kathmandu. For capacity enhancements of the network, GSM Engineers can use the path loss prediction models for intelligent placement of BTSs with certain antenna height and power. Path loss also facilitates Link budget analysis and Design in a telecommunication system. In a GSM like Cellular network, Path loss is used for Frequency Re-use distance estimates so as to properly space the channels in Base stations (BS). Actual Frequency assignment plans for the Base Stations are also facilitated by the use of path loss. Better Coverage predictions and interference reduction is what planning engineers get by using better path loss model. CHAPTER-2 PATH LOSS MODELS In this chapter, description of various Path Loss model will be discussed. The model characteristics, along with mathematical formulae, will be shown that is useful for further calculations, analysis in this project. In addition, three kinds of dependency factors of path loss will be noted that will be analyzed later. FREE SPACE PATH LOSS This model is the most simple and primitive path loss model where the influence of all objects and obstacles in the propagation environment is ignored. Here, the Received signal is inversely proportional to the square of distance between the transmitter and receiver. So, the free space Path loss is given by As Decibel (db) method gives us easy and consistent method to observe and analyze the signal levels at various points, the free space path loss can also be expressed in logarithmic format as OKAMURA MODEL This model is a RF propagation model that was developed based on the data collected in the Tokyo city, Japan. The model served as a base for all other empirical propagation models. In this model, the propagation area is divided into terrain categories: open area, suburban area, and urban area. Urban area is used as a reference area and Correction factors are applied in it to calculate the path loss for other terrains. HATA MODEL It is also known as the Okumura-Hata model for being a advanced version of the Okumura Model, is the most widely used model in radio frequency propagation for predicting the behavior of cellular transmissions in city outskirts and other rural areas. This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to better suit the need . Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of cellular communications. Operating frequency, Base Station Antenna height. This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions. COST 231 HATA MODEL It is also called the Hata Model DCS Extension, which is a RF propagation model that extends the Hata Model to cover a more range of frequencies. Also, this model is applicable to Open, Suburban and Urban Areas . PATH LOSS DEPENDENCY FACTORS Path loss usually depends on operating frequency, Base station Antenna Height, and distance of the Mobile stations (MS) from the Base Station (BS). For each of the popular empirical models discussed above, those dependency factors are observed separately and lastly combined together to give a formula for that path loss model. PATH LOSS EXPONENT We know that received signal at a distance from a BS or a transmitter is inversely proportional to some power of the distance, i.e. farther we go from the BS or transmitter, the received level will degrade by some factor. CHAPTER-3 For empirical models, Field strength measurements gives an easy and better way for feasibility analysis and fine tuning of the models for certain propagation environments. In our case, I intend to check the applicability and the modification of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for propagation environments in Kathmandu. Three different terrains are taken into consideration, namely: Core city area, Ring-Road area, and remote area. Field strength measurements are carried out in fifteen different locations, where five of them belong to one terrain types. Location of BS, Transmitted power, antenna height is taken for the areas of interest in Kathmandu. Field strength measurements were conducted on the existing GSM network of Nepal Telecom and the receiver used was TEMS tool with a mobile set. DRIVE TESTING USING TEMS TEMS is an air interface test tool for real time diagnostic of different parameters for RF optimization. Also, all the data can be saved for later analysis. It consists of a laptop with TEMS software, a mobile set with a connector, GPS for location, and a hardware lock key. As for this project, only the received level is concerned, so the received level is noted as we drive farther from a BS. Above Figure shows the trail of the drive test path through a vehicle, in the location of interest. Here, the distance of a sample point in the trail can easily be noted using a scale in the map. Before performing drive test in all of those sites, proper Information regarding Site locations, their Carrier Frequencies, BS antenna Height, power transmitted from the BS are taken and used in the data collection and Calculations part. ASSUMPTIONS In this project, several assumptions are considered to ease data collection and analysis phase, which are listed as: Though the signal strength measurements are done for different BS with different Carriers (ARFCN), operating frequency is taken to be fixed at 900MHz. The effective power radiated from the BS is taken to be fixed at 50 dbm. Also height of mobile () taken to be fixed at 1.5 meters as the data is measured through TEMS inside a vehicle. Core city area, Ring-road Area and Remote areas in Kathmandu are assumed to be Urban, Sub-urban and Rural area respectively for simplification in analysis and comparison. If that assumption gives different result, then it can be rectified easily based on the integrated analysis of the path loss plot vs distance. MEASURED PATH LOSS For each of the propagation environments which have been selected and drive tested for data collection, the path loss can easily be calculated using the formula: So, Path loss can easily be observed from the collected data, to be increasing as we go farther from the BS. Data Collected for Fifteen different Locations can also be shown in tabular format as: PATH LOSS FROM MODELS After the observation of measured path loss in the propagation environments in Kathmandu, we need to calculate the path loss from the formula for the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata Model, with the distance d of MS from Bs in km, Frequency f in MHz, BS height hb in meters, Antenna height in meters taken from the actual scenario. Calculations are done using Excel sheet and the data are shown as: PATH LOSS PLOTS: As we get all the measured data and predicted data from the two models, the average data of path loss as shown in the table below are plotted with the increasing distance d of MS from BS as shown in the graph below for each propagation environments. COMPARISION AND ANALYSIS From the above plot for each propagation environments, comparing the average path loss values with that of Hata and COST 231 Hata model plot gives the result that Hata model best fits the propagation characteristics in Core city area and Ring-road area whereas the COST 231 model best predicts the propagation characteristics in Remote area. Also the Minimum Square Error (MSE)calculated for each of the model is within acceptable limits, which can be calculated using the formula: From the MSE analysis also, I find that Hata model best fits the Kathmandu Core city area and is also suitable for Kathmandu Ring-road Area. Whereas in the case of Kathmandu Remote Area, Cost 231 Hata model best predicts the path loss characteristics. FINE TUNING OF THE BEST FIT MODEL Due to the least and acceptable MSE in both Ring road area and remote area, the best fit models need not be modified for such propagation environments in Kathmandu. Solely based on the Minimum Square Error in path loss, the Best fit model for Core city area in Kathmandu i.e. Hata model can be modified accordingly. This formula is the modified version of the Path loss in urban area as given by Hata model for application in Kathmandu. CHAPTER-4 RESULTS By the comparison of the actual path loss with that of the predicted path loss from the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata model, and integrated analysis of all the plots, the feasibility analysis of the two models for three different propagation environments in Kathmandu is done. From which we get, Hata model is not feasible for the application in remote area due to much high minimum square error. Also the Hata model best fits the core city area in Kathmandu with MSE slightly greater than the acceptable limits as given by [6]. So the new modified Hata model is given based on the MSE. And for Ring-road area both model is applicable but the COST 231 Hata Model best fits it due to least MSE. CONCLUSION In this project, the popular empirical path loss models for mobile communications are studied. Among them two models, Hata and COST 231 Hata model is compared with actual path loss in three different propagation environments in Kathmandu, for applicability in macro-cellular Base Stations (BS). Comparison and Analysis of the integrated plot of the path loss from two models and actual path loss in those environments, along with mathematical calculations gave us the result. And the best fit model based on MSE calculations is either modified or left as it is, for those three propagation environments in Kathmandu. Also the assumptions for the three areas are consistent with the actual model which made the analysis and comparison easy. The choice of which model to use actually depends on the terrain type and the surrounding environments and objects around it, the selection of that model in planning a mobile communication network will give the best result and better network is what will be the output. So, Service providers must use efficient planning tools to better model their propagation environments along with the best predicted path loss. Hence, this project is useful for such realistic planning for GSM 900 MHz in Kathmandu. Further enhancements in this project can yield similar results for future mobile technologies and other spectrum too. PROBLEMS / LIMITATIONS: The receiver used for this project is a mobile set which has a sensitivity of -105 dbm. Hence, during field strength measurement, I can only measure signals up to 600m from the Base station in core city area. If there was separate equipment for signal measurement, it would have yield much better result, maybe thats the reason why there is much difference between the measured and predicted value due to lesser no of sample points. Also, Effective power radiated from the antenna is assumed to be 50 dbm, (same for all BS) due to unavaibility of measuring actual power radiated from the antenna and the losses in the RF cables and connectors. Also the antenna azimuth and down tilt not taken into consideration and sometimes, the measurement of received signal is done in locations that may be outside of the main lobe of the antenna radiation, i.e. outside of the half-power beam width (HPBW). FUTURE WORK: This work can be extended to apply for other mobile technologies in other frequency spectrum such as 1800 MHz DCS, 2100 MHz WCDMA. Also high sensitive field strength measurements tools can be used for future generation Mobile technologies for better result. As this project only dealt with the selection and modification of Path loss models for applicability in Kathmandu areas, the result of this project can be used for interference estimation and frequency assignment planning for new network or extension of existing network. REFERENCES Z. Nadir, N. Elfadhil, F. Touati, Pathloss Determination Using Okumura-Hata Model And Spline Interpolation For MissingData For Oman, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol I WCE 2008, July 2 4, 2008, London, U.K. Popescu, I.et al., Applications of neural networks to the prediction of propagationpath loss for mobile communications systems, Applied Electromagnetism, 2000. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Trans Black Sea Region, 2000. 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